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The landed estate system that developed in Spanish America, particularly from the mid-17th century onward, constituted a key feature of the region’s colonial socio-economic structure. These large properties, often encompassing thousands of acres, were characterized by a hierarchical social order and a system of labor that, while technically not slavery, often involved significant levels of coercion and dependency. Production typically centered on agricultural goods such as grains, livestock, and, in some regions, specialized crops like sugar or cacao. The operational framework involved a resident owner, or administrator, and a large, often indigenous, workforce. This system fostered a distinct pattern of land ownership and social relations that shaped the historical trajectory of many Latin American nations.

This form of land tenure and labor profoundly impacted the economic and social development of Spanish America. It concentrated wealth and power in the hands of a relatively small elite, limiting social mobility and perpetuating inequalities. The agricultural output, while substantial, often prioritized the owner’s profit over the welfare of the workforce. Moreover, it played a significant role in shaping political landscapes, with landowners wielding considerable influence in local and national affairs. Understanding this structure is crucial for grasping the long-term social, economic, and political challenges faced by many Latin American countries following independence.

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