A historically significant tax, particularly relevant to the study of empires in the AP World History curriculum, was levied on non-Muslim subjects residing in territories controlled by Islamic rulers. This assessment often served as a substitute for military service, which was generally restricted to Muslims. As an example, during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire in India, non-Muslims were required to pay this tax.
The implementation of this tax had several implications. It provided revenue for the state, but also influenced social dynamics by creating a distinction between those who paid and those who were exempt. This distinction could affect social mobility and religious conversion patterns within the empire. Analyzing the application of this tax provides insights into the religious policies and governance strategies of Islamic empires throughout history.