The term references a civilization that flourished in the Andes Mountains of South America from roughly the 15th to 16th centuries. This civilization was characterized by a highly centralized government, extensive infrastructure including roads and bridges, impressive agricultural techniques such as terracing, and a complex social hierarchy. A prominent example includes their capital city, Cusco, and their extensive road network, the Qhapaq an.
Understanding this Andean empire is crucial for comprehending pre-Columbian America within a global context. Knowledge of their governance, economic system, and cultural achievements illustrates the diverse forms of social organization that existed outside of Europe and Asia. Studying this society also provides valuable insights into the interactions between empires and indigenous populations during periods of expansion and conquest.