The period in Chinese history from 960 to 1279 CE, marked by significant advancements in technology, culture, and economics, is a crucial area of study. This era followed the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period and preceded the Yuan Dynasty. It is traditionally divided into two distinct phases: the Northern and Southern portions, distinguished by the control of territory.
Understanding this period is essential for appreciating the development of Neo-Confucianism, the expansion of maritime trade through innovations in shipbuilding and navigation, and the burgeoning urban centers that facilitated a vibrant commercial economy. Its focus allows for an examination of the implementation of a meritocratic civil service examination system, leading to a more efficient and centralized bureaucracy. Moreover, the military weaknesses, particularly in defense against nomadic groups, offers insight into the dynasty’s eventual decline.