A concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO), often referred to in agricultural geography, represents an intensive animal feeding operation where a high density of livestock are confined and fed for the purposes of rapid weight gain prior to slaughter. These facilities are characterized by their large size and focus on maximizing production efficiency. An example would be a sprawling cattle ranch in the American Midwest where thousands of head of cattle are housed and fed grain-based diets to expedite their maturation.
This method of animal agriculture plays a significant role in the global food supply, allowing for the efficient and cost-effective production of meat. Its development is rooted in the intensification of agriculture following World War II, driven by advancements in technology and a growing demand for affordable protein. However, the concentration of animals also presents challenges, including environmental concerns related to waste management and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as ethical considerations regarding animal welfare.