geography

AP Human Geo: The Second Agricultural Revolution Definition+

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second agricultural revolution definition ap human geography

AP Human Geo: The Second Agricultural Revolution Definition+

The period marked by significant advancements in agricultural practices, occurring primarily in Western Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, is a pivotal moment in human history. This transformation involved innovations like the improved yoke for plowing, the introduction of new crops such as the potato, and the implementation of crop rotation techniques like the Norfolk four-course system. These developments led to increased agricultural output and efficiency, laying the groundwork for significant societal shifts.

This era of agricultural progress was instrumental in supporting population growth and urbanization. By producing more food with less labor, a surplus was created that allowed people to migrate from rural areas to urban centers, fueling the Industrial Revolution. The enhanced food supply also contributed to improved nutrition and overall health, further boosting demographic expansion. Its legacy is evident in the modern agricultural landscape and the distribution of populations across the globe.

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6+ What is Infilling? AP Human Geography Definition

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infilling ap human geography definition

6+ What is Infilling? AP Human Geography Definition

The addition of new populations and structures to an existing urban area characterizes a specific type of urban development. This process generally involves the utilization of vacant or underutilized land within established communities, effectively increasing density. A common manifestation involves constructing housing on empty lots in a neighborhood or redeveloping brownfield sites into residential or commercial spaces.

This type of development can contribute to efficient land use, reduce urban sprawl, and revitalize existing neighborhoods. By strategically adding new construction, infrastructure investments are maximized, and community character can be reinforced. Historically, it represents a response to changing demographics, economic pressures, and environmental concerns, offering a way to accommodate growth without expanding the urban footprint.

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7+ What is Monoculture? AP Human Geography Definition

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7+ What is Monoculture? AP Human Geography Definition

The agricultural practice of cultivating a single crop species in a defined area is a prevalent system worldwide. This approach involves planting the same variety of plant over extensive tracts of land, year after year. A common example is the cultivation of vast fields of corn or wheat, where genetic diversity is minimized.

This method offers advantages in terms of efficiency, mechanization, and yield maximization. Historically, it has allowed for increased food production to feed growing populations. However, it also presents risks. The lack of genetic diversity can make crops more vulnerable to pests, diseases, and climate change impacts. It can also degrade soil health and reduce biodiversity in surrounding ecosystems.

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What is Map Distortion? AP Human Geo Definition

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What is Map Distortion? AP Human Geo Definition

In the field of AP Human Geography, this concept refers to the misrepresentation of shape, area, distance, or direction when projecting a three-dimensional surface, such as the Earth, onto a two-dimensional plane, like a map. As an example, when transferring the Earth’s curved surface onto a flat map, landmasses can appear stretched or compressed, altering their true size and shape relative to other regions. Different map projections intentionally minimize particular aspects of this misrepresentation at the expense of others.

Understanding this inherent challenge is fundamental because it directly impacts the interpretation of spatial data. Recognizing the type and degree of misrepresentation present in any given map allows for a more accurate assessment of geographic relationships and phenomena. Historically, choices about which characteristics to preserve in a map projection have reflected the priorities and biases of mapmakers, influencing how the world is perceived and understood. Therefore, awareness of this unavoidable alteration is crucial for informed geographic analysis.

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6+ What is Contagious Diffusion? AP Human Geography Definition

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6+ What is Contagious Diffusion? AP Human Geography Definition

This process describes the spread of a phenomenon from one place to another through direct contact. It resembles the way a disease spreads, affecting nearby individuals and then moving outwards. An example is the dissemination of a new fashion trend within a community, starting with early adopters and gradually influencing others through observation and interaction. This geographic process hinges on proximity and interaction, with those closest to the origin being most likely to be affected first.

Understanding this particular form of spatial propagation is crucial for analyzing various geographic patterns and trends. It helps in comprehending how innovations, ideas, and even diseases move across space and impact different populations. Historically, the study of such geographic dissemination has provided insights into cultural changes, technological advancements, and public health strategies. Its principles aid in predicting the spread of phenomena and developing effective intervention methods.

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AP Human Geo: Infant Mortality Rate Definition + Key Factors

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AP Human Geo: Infant Mortality Rate Definition + Key Factors

It is a crucial demographic indicator, measuring the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a given population. For instance, a rate of 5 signifies that for every 1,000 babies born alive, 5 will die before reaching their first birthday. This metric is often used to assess the overall health and well-being of a society.

This rate provides valuable insights into healthcare access, sanitation levels, nutrition, and socioeconomic conditions within a country or region. Historically, higher rates have been associated with poverty, inadequate medical care, and lack of access to clean water. Monitoring changes in this rate allows geographers and policymakers to evaluate the effectiveness of public health initiatives and identify areas needing improvement. Understanding the factors contributing to variations in this rate across different regions is vital for developing targeted interventions and improving child survival outcomes.

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7+ Cultural Trait: AP Human Geography Definition & Examples

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7+ Cultural Trait: AP Human Geography Definition & Examples

A cultural trait is a single attribute of a culture. It represents a learned behavior or belief system that is passed down from one generation to the next. These elements can range from the specific tools used (like chopsticks in many East Asian countries) to the kinds of dwellings constructed (such as yurts in Central Asia), religious practices, social etiquette, and even dietary preferences. These characteristics, while seemingly individual, coalesce to form broader cultural complexes and ultimately contribute to the unique identity of a specific group of people.

The identification and understanding of these attributes are crucial for analyzing and comparing different societies across the globe. Examining these components enables geographers to discern patterns of cultural diffusion, analyze the impact of globalization, and understand the spatial distribution of various cultural practices. Historically, the study of cultural traits has played a significant role in shaping perceptions of different societies and informing policies related to international relations, trade, and cultural exchange. Studying these traits allows for appreciation of cultural diversity and helps avoid ethnocentric viewpoints when interacting with people from different cultural backgrounds.

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9+ What is Dependency Ratio? Geography Definition & Impacts

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9+ What is Dependency Ratio? Geography Definition & Impacts

The proportion of a population that is economically dependent on the working-age population is a key demographic indicator. This metric relates the number of individuals typically not in the labor force (dependent population) to the number of individuals typically in the labor force (working-age population). Dependent populations generally include those under 15 years of age and those 65 years of age and older. For instance, a value of 0.5 indicates that there are 50 dependents for every 100 working-age individuals. This provides a snapshot of the potential economic burden placed on the productive segment of society.

This demographic indicator is crucial for understanding the potential strain on a country’s resources and infrastructure. High values can indicate challenges related to providing adequate healthcare, education, and social security benefits. Conversely, low values may suggest a potential labor surplus and higher economic growth. Historical trends in this measurement reveal shifts in population age structures, impacting social and economic planning. It aids governments and organizations in anticipating future needs and developing appropriate policies.

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8+ Arable Land: Geography Definition & Uses

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8+ Arable Land: Geography Definition & Uses

Land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops is a fundamental resource. Its characteristics include suitable soil composition, sufficient water availability, and a moderate climate conducive to plant growth. Examples encompass fertile plains, river valleys, and terraced hillsides that have been cultivated for agricultural purposes. The suitability of a specific area for cultivation depends on a combination of natural factors and human intervention, such as irrigation and soil management techniques.

The availability of cultivable areas is crucial for food security, economic stability, and population sustenance. Historically, civilizations have flourished in regions with abundant fertile soil, enabling agricultural surpluses and supporting denser populations. Access to productive agricultural regions impacts global trade patterns, resource allocation, and geopolitical dynamics. The efficient utilization and conservation of these resources are paramount for sustainable development and mitigating the effects of climate change on food production.

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7+ AP Human Geography: Democratization Definition Explained

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7+ AP Human Geography: Democratization Definition Explained

The process by which a state transitions towards a more democratic political system is a significant concept in human geography. This involves the spread of principles like free and fair elections, increased citizen participation in government, protection of civil rights and liberties, and a move away from authoritarian rule. An example can be seen in the post-Soviet states of Eastern Europe during the 1990s, as they transitioned from communist regimes to multiparty democracies, often accompanied by significant social, economic, and spatial restructuring.

Understanding the expansion of these principles is crucial as it impacts geopolitical relationships, economic development, and social well-being within a region or state. The adoption of more democratic systems can lead to increased political stability, improved human rights records, and greater opportunities for economic growth through increased foreign investment and trade. Historically, its progression has been influenced by factors such as colonial legacies, international pressures, and internal social movements advocating for greater freedom and representation.

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