A design approach that subdivides a system into smaller parts (modules) that can be independently created, modified, replaced, or exchanged with other modules, or between different systems is central to contemporary engineering. These components can be combined or rearranged to create a variety of products or systems, often with different functionalities. For example, a furniture system might consist of individual seating, backrest, and armrest units that can be assembled in various configurations to create sofas, chairs, or sectionals.
This approach offers several advantages, including increased flexibility, reduced complexity, and improved maintainability. It allows for easier upgrades and customization, as individual components can be improved or replaced without affecting the entire system. Historically, the concept has been applied in various fields, from architecture and manufacturing to software development, enabling scalable and adaptable solutions to complex problems and fostering innovation by promoting component reuse and standardization.