Systemic disadvantages embedded within institutions and societal structures that favor certain social groups while simultaneously hindering others. These are not isolated incidents of individual bias, but rather patterns of differential access to opportunities, resources, and power based on social characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender, class, sexual orientation, and ability. A classic illustration is the historical and ongoing disparity in wealth accumulation between different racial groups, stemming from discriminatory housing policies, unequal access to education, and biased lending practices.
Understanding these entrenched disparities is crucial for fostering a more equitable society. Recognizing the ways in which systems perpetuate unequal outcomes allows for targeted interventions and policy reforms aimed at leveling the playing field. Historically, failure to acknowledge these deep-seated patterns has led to ineffective or even counterproductive efforts to address social problems. Recognizing the roots of disparities in social structures allows for the creation of meaningful change.
